Medium Format 120 220 Negative
Facts & History

Medium Format Film applies to film that record images on media larger than 24 by 36 mm (used in 35 mm photography), but smaller than 4 x 5 inches (which is considered to be large-format photography).

In the film world, medium format has moved from being the most widely used film size (1890s through 1950s) to a niche used by professionals and some amateur enthusiasts.

While at one time or another a variety of medium format film sizes were produced, today the vast majority of medium format film is the 6 cm 120 and 220 sizes. Other sizes are mainly for use in antique cameras, and many people assume 120 220 film when the term medium format is used.

The main benefit of medium format film is that, because of the larger size of the film sensor (two to six times larger than 35 mm), images of much higher resolution can be produced. This allows for bigger enlargements and smooth gradation without the grain or blur that would characterize similarly enlarged images from smaller film formats.

All medium-format film cameras mass produced today (as of 2008) use the 120 film format. Additionally, many are capable of using the 220 film format, effectively doubling the number of frames available with 120 film. Medium format roll film is still available from specialty shops and photo labs, yet nowhere near as ubiquitous as 135 (35mm) film.

Medium Format film is shot in a variety of aspect ratios, which differ depending on the camera or frame insert used. The most common aspect ratios are 6x6 cm and 6x4.5 cm.. Other frequently used aspect ratios are 6x7 cm, 6x9 cm, and 6x17 cm panoramic. The 6x4.5 cm format is usually referred to as "645", with many cameras that use this ratio bearing "645" in their product name. Cameras that can switch to different aspect ratios do so by either switching camera backs, by using a frame insert, or by use of special multi-format backs. All of these dimensions are nominal; actual dimensions are a bit different. For example, 6x7 cm might give an image on film that is actually 56x70 mm; this enlarges exactly to fill an 8x10 sheet of paper. Another feature of many medium format models is the ability to use Polaroid instant film in an interchangeable back. Studio, commercial and architectural photographers value this system for its ability to verify the focus and exposure.